A 54 year old female presented with lower extremity edema, fatigue, and shortness of breath with physical findings indicative of advanced aortic insufficiency.Echocardiography showed severe aortic regurgitation and a probable quadricuspid aortic valve.In anticipation of aortic valve replacement, cardiac computed tomography (Cardiac CT) was performe
To generate a cytopathic Wall Unit with Fireplace Insert effect, the catalytic A1 subunit of cholera toxin (CT) must be separated from the rest of the toxin.Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is thought to mediate CT disassembly by acting as a redox-driven chaperone that actively unfolds the CTA1 subunit.Here, we show that PDI itself unfolds upon co
Evidence of observed negative impacts on natural and human systems from anthropogenic climate change is increasing.However, human systems in particular are dynamic and influenced by multiple drivers and hence identifying an anthropogenic climate signal is challenging.Here we analyze the case of lake Palcacocha in the Andes of Peru, which offers a r